Apartheid in South Africa
A Brief History with DocumentsFirst Edition ©2017
This volume introduces undergraduates to a collection of primary documents on apartheid in South Africa, one of the best known and frequently cited systems of institutionalized and legalized racial and ethnic segregation. David Gordon’s introduction provides context essential to understanding the em...
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This volume introduces undergraduates to a collection of primary documents on apartheid in South Africa, one of the best known and frequently cited systems of institutionalized and legalized racial and ethnic segregation. David Gordon’s introduction provides context essential to understanding the emergence, development, and fall of apartheid, and highlights historiographic debates regarding apartheid, resistance to apartheid, and life under apartheid. Through a collection of sources that include key government documents, Afrikaner nationalist tracts and speeches, and records of meetings, students can explore apartheid’s basis, its social and economic impacts, life under apartheid, and forms of resistance to it. Document headnotes, maps, a Chronology of Apartheid in South Africa, Questions for Consideration, and a Selected Bibliography serve to further support student learning.
“This is a valuable book for college-level history students because it allows them to recognize that racism and systematic and organized racial discrimination are essential characteristics of the history of the modern world. The selected primary documents provide concrete evidence concerning how people in South Africa established, operated, reinforced, contested, and resisted this institution.”
-Tomoyuki Sasaki, College of William and Mary“This concise volume provides important primary sources, especially from unheard of historical actors, among them ordinary people, peasants, workers and so on, whose voices we seldom hear in most historical narratives on South Africa. For this reason, the volume casts light on the lived experiences of people whose perspectives help us get a more inclusive and wholesome representation of the evolution of apartheid in South Africa.”
-Tamba E. Mbayo, West Virginia University“This is an excellent collection of primary sources on one of the most important social justice issues in twentieth-century world history. The author places these documents in their proper historical context and offers students a wide variety of perspectives. This would be strong addition to courses on twentieth-century world history, Africa, the history of colonialism, and the history of race.”
-Michael Vann, Sacramento State University
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Maps and Illustrations
PART ONE
Introduction: Apartheid’s Rise and Fall
Precursors
The Ideology and Functioning of Apartheid
Defiance: Creating a Liberation Movement
Violence and Armed Struggle
Resistance and Repression: Students, Workers, Women, Clergy, and Conscripts
Living with Apartheid: Class, Race, and Gender
Ending Apartheid: Reforms and Negotiations
PART TWO:
The Documents
1. Precursors
1. The Native Land Act of 1913
2. Sol T. Plaatje, Cruel Operation of the Natives Land Act, 1916
3. South African Native National Congress, Resolution against the Natives Land Act, 1916
4. Jan C. Smuts, The Racial and Moral Axioms, 1917
5. Gerhardus Eloff, Segregation with Guardianship, 1942
2. The Ideology and Functioning of Apartheid
6. Sauer Commission, Apartheid, 1947
7. History Comes to Life in the Jan van Riebeeck Tercentenary Celebrations, April 4, 1952
8. Hendrik F. Verwoerd, The White Man’s Domain in the World, May 31, 1966
9. Apartheid Legislation, 1948-1959
10. Ernst Cole, Apartheid Signage, 1967
11. Gatsha Buthelezi, The Zulu Nation and Separate Development, June 11, 1970
12. Meeting between Homeland Leaders and B. J. Vorster, January 22, 1975
3. Defiance: Creating a Liberation Movement
13. African National Congress Youth League, Manifesto, 1948
14. People’s Protest Day, April 6, 1952
15. Demand for the Withdrawal of Passes for Women, 1956
16. Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika, ca. 1950s
17. Congress of the People, Freedom Charter, June 25–26, 1955
18. Robert M. Sobukwe, Opening Address of the Pan African Congress (PAC), 1959
19. Albert John Mvumbi Lutuli, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1961
4. Violence and Armed Conflict
20. David Ramohoase, Testimony on the Sharpeville Massacre of March 21, 1960, 1996
21. Nelson Mandela, Statement at the Rivonia Trial, 1964
22. ANC Radio Freedom, You Will Learn How to Use a Gun, 1969?
23. Dennis Brutus, On the Island, 1973
24. Oliver R. Tambo, A Future Free of Exploitation, 1977
5. Resistance and Repression: Students, Workers, Women, Clergy, and Conscripts
25. Stephen Bantu Biko, The Definition of Black Consciousness, 1971?
26. Sam Nzima with His Photo of Hector Pieterson, June 16, 1976
27. Khotso Seatlholo, Soweto Students’ Representative Council Press Release, October 29, 1976
28. Frene Ginwala, National Liberation and Women’s Liberation, 1986
29. National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa, Trade Unions and Political Direction, December 1987
30. KAIROS: The Moment of Truth, 1985
31. Derek Bauer, P. W. Botha, 1987
32. Dirk Coetzee, The Murder of Griffiths Mxenge on 19 November 1981, 1996
33. Testimony of a Desertion, 1997
34. Testimony of a Counter-Insurgency Operation, 1997
35. Testimony of an ANC Cadre and Captive, 1997
6. Life under Apartheid
36. Mabel Palmer and Lily Moya, Correspondence, 1949
37. Non-European Affairs Department, Your Bantu Servant and You, 1962
38. Bram Fischer, Speech from the Dock, 1966
39. Mbuyiseni Oswald Mtshali, Amagoduka at Glencoe Station, 1971
40. Jürgen Schaderberg, The Destruction of Sophiatown, 1955, 1959
41. Gajida Jacobs, Forced Removals in Cape Town, 1990
42. Interview with a Member of the Matoks Community, 1979
43. Emma Mashinini, Push Your Arse!, 1989
44. Diary of a Thirteen-Year-Old Schoolgirl from Soweto, 1982
45. Statement by a Woman Evicted Off a Farm at Weenan, Natal, 1980
7. Ending Apartheid: Reforms and Negotiations
46. P. T. Poovalingam, Inaugural Address to President’s Council, 1981
47. Frederick W. de Klerk, Address to Parliament, February 2, 1990
48. Nelson Mandela, Speech upon His Release from Prison, February 11, 1990
49. Mondli Makhanya, A Tough Guy Is Moved to Tears, 1994
50. S. Francis, H. Dugmore, and Rico, Madam & Eve: Free at Last, 1994
APPENDIXES
A Chronology of Key Events in the Rise and Fall of Apartheid (1652–1994)
Questions for Consideration
Selected Bibliography
Index
Authors
David M. Gordon
David M. Gordon (Ph.D. Princeton University) is Professor of History at Bowdoin College. He has authored two books, an edited collection, and numerous articles on southern and central African history. The experience of growing up under apartheid and struggling against it as a South African student activist has informed his research and teaching of African history for nearly two decades. His interests include the economic, environmental, and cultural history of southern and central Africa, indigenous knowledge, and, in his most recent book, Invisible Agents: Spirits in a Central African History, how spiritual beliefs have influenced human agency.
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