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Achieve

Achieve is a comprehensive set of interconnected teaching and assessment tools that incorporate the most effective elements from Macmillan Learning's market leading solutions in a single, easy-to-use platform.

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Table of Contents

Instructor Preface

Student Preface: Skills for Student Success—How to Apply Psychology to Live Your Best Life

Psychology’s Roots, Critical Thinking, and Self-Improvement Tools

Psychology Is a Science

Critical Thinking and the Scientific Attitude

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Scientific Attitude

Psychological Science’s Birth and Development

Today’s Psychology

The Need for Psychological Science

The Limits of Common Sense

Psychological Science in a Post-Truth World

How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?

The Scientific Method

Description

Correlation

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Correlation and Causation

Experimentation

Choosing a Research Design

Predicting Everyday Behavior

Psychology’s Research Ethics

Studying and Protecting Animals

Studying and Protecting Humans

Values in Psychology

Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student

The Biology of Behavior and Consciousness

The Power of Neuroplasticity

Neural Communication

A Neuron’s Structure

How Neurons Communicate

How Neurotransmitters Influence Us

The Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System

The Central Nervous System

The Endocrine System

The Brain

Tools of Discovery—Having Our Head Examined

Brain Regions and Structures

The Limbic System

The Cerebral Cortex

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Do We Use Only 10 Percent of Our Brain?

Damage Response and Brain Hemispheres

Brain States and Consciousness

Selective Attention

Sleep and Dreams

Developing Through the Life Span

Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues

Nature and Nurture

Continuity and Stages

Stability and Change

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Conception

Prenatal Development

The Competent Newborn

Twin and Adoption Studies

Infancy and Childhood

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Social Development

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Parenting Styles—Too Hard, Too Soft, Too Uncaring, and Just Right?

Adolescence

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Social Development

Emerging Adulthood

Adulthood

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Social Development

Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Gender Development

Similarities and Differences

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Gender Bias in the Workplace

The Nature of Gender

The Nurture of Gender

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Sexual Aggression

Human Sexuality

The Physiology of Sex

The Psychology of Sex

Sexual Orientation

Cultural Attitudes and Prevalence

Why Do We Differ?

An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality

Male-Female Differences in Sexuality

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective

Sex and Human Relationships

Reflections on the Nature and Nurture of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Sensation and Perception

Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception

From Outer Energy to Inner Brain Activity

Thresholds

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Subliminal Stimulation and Subliminal Persuasion

Sensory Adaptation

Perceptual Set

Context, Motivation, and Emotion

Light Energy and Eye Structures

Information Processing in the Eye and Brain

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Sound Waves: From the Environment Into the Brain

Decoding Sound Waves

How Do We Locate Sounds?

Touch

Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell

Body Position and Movement

Sensory Interaction

Perception Without Sensation?

Learning

How Do We Learn?

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov’s Legacy

Operant Conditioning

Skinner’s Experiments

Skinner’s Legacy

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Biology, Cognition, and Learning

Biological Limits on Conditioning

Cognitive Influences on Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain

Observational Learning in Everyday Life

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Effects of Viewing Media Violence

Memory

Studying Memory

An Information-Processing Model

Building Memories: Encoding

Our Two-Track Memory System

Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories

Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories

Memory Storage

Retaining Information in the Brain

Synaptic Changes

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Measuring Retention

Retrieval Cues

Forgetting

Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind

Encoding Failure

Storage Decay

Retrieval Failure

Memory Construction Errors

Misinformation and Imagination Effects

Source Amnesia

Recognizing False Memories

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered?

Children’s Eyewitness Recall

Improving Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Thinking

Concepts

Solving Problems

Making Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Fear Factor

Thinking Creatively

Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?

Language

Language Acquisition and Development

The Brain and Language

Thinking Without Language

Do Other Species Have Language?

Intelligence

What Is Intelligence?

Assessing Intelligence

The Nature and Nurture of Intelligence

Intelligence Across the Life Span

Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

Motivation and Emotion

Motivational Concepts

Drives and Incentives

Arousal Theory

A Hierarchy of Needs

Hunger

The Physiology of Hunger

The Psychology of Hunger

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control

The Need to Belong

The Benefits of Belonging

The Pain of Being Shut Out

Connecting and Social Networking

Achievement Motivation

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Goal Setting

Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition

James-Lange Theory: Arousal Comes Before Emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory: Arousal and Emotion Happen at the Same Time

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Arousal + Label = Emotion

Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus: Emotion and the Two-Track Brain

Embodied Emotion

The Basic Emotions

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

The Physiology of Emotions

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection

Expressed and Experienced Emotion

Detecting Emotion in Others

Culture and Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions

Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing

Stress: Some Basic Concepts

Stressors—Things That Push Our Buttons

Stress Reactions—From Alarm to Exhaustion

Stress Effects and Health

Stress and Heart Disease

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Stress and Health

Coping With Stress

Coping Strategies

Personal Control

Optimism and Pessimism

Emotion Regulation

Social Support

Finding Meaning

Managing Stress Effects

Aerobic Exercise

Relaxation and Meditation

Faith Communities and Health

Happiness and Well-Being

When Are We Happiest?

What Makes Us Happy?

Evidence-Based Suggestions for a Happy Life

Questioning Some Myths About Happiness

Social Psychology

What Is Social Psychology’s Focus?

Social Thinking

The Fundamental Attribution Error

Attitudes and Actions

Persuasion

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: How to Be Persuasive

Social Influence

Cultural Influences

Conformity and Obedience

Group Influence

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Internet as Social Amplifier

Social Relations

Prejudice

Aggression

Attraction

Altruism

From Conflict to Peace

Personality

What Is Personality?

Psychodynamic Theories

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious

The Neo-Freudian and Later Psychodynamic Theorists

Assessing Unconscious Processes

Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious

Humanistic Theories

Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person

Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective

Assessing the Self

Evaluating Humanistic Theories

Trait Theories

Exploring Traits

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Stigma of Introversion

Assessing Traits

The Big Five Factors

Evaluating Trait Theories

Social-Cognitive Theories

Reciprocal Influences

Assessing Behavior in Situations

Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories

Exploring the Self

The Benefits and Costs of Self-Esteem

Self-Serving Bias

Culture and the Self

Psychological Disorders

What Is a Psychological Disorder?

Defining Psychological Disorders

Understanding Psychological Disorders

Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People

Anxiety Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Understanding Anxiety-Related Disorders

Substance Use Disorders

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Tolerance and Addiction  

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

Understanding Substance Use Disorders

Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders

Depressive Disorders

Bipolar Disorders

Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders

Schizophrenia

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Onset and Development of Schizophrenia

Understanding Schizophrenia

Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders

Dissociative Disorders

Personality Disorders

Eating Disorders

Risk of Harm to Self and Others

Understanding Suicide

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Does Disorder Equal Danger?

Intellectual Disability

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?

Therapy

Treating Psychological Disorders

The Psychological Therapies

Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies

Humanistic Therapies

Behavior Therapies

Cognitive Therapies

Group, Couple, and Family Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

Is Psychotherapy Effective?

Which Psychotherapies Work Best?

How Do Psychotherapies Help People?

Human Diversity and Psychotherapy

Seeking Psychotherapy

Ethical Principles in Psychotherapy

The Biomedical Therapies

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Therapeutic Lifestyle Change

Drug Therapies

Brain Stimulation

Psychosurgery

Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience

Preventive Mental Health

Building Resilience

A Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life

B Psychology at Work

C The Story of Psychology: A Timeline

D Career Fields in Psychology

E Complete Chapter Reviews 

F Answers to the Retrieve & Remember and Chapter Test Questions

Glossary

Glosario

References

Name Index

Subject Index

Authors

David G. Myers

David Myers received his B.A. in chemistry from Whitworth University, and his psychology Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He has spent his career at Hope College, Michigan, where he has taught dozens of introductory psychology sections. Hope College students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.” His research and writings have been recognized by the Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize, an Honored Scientist award from the Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences, an Award for Distinguished Service on Behalf of Social-Personality Psychology, a Presidential Citation from APA Division 2, election as an American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow, and three honorary doctorates.

With support from National Science Foundation grants, Myers’ scientific articles have appeared in three dozen scientific periodicals, including Science, American Scientist, Psychological Science, and American Psychologist. In addition to his scholarly and textbook writing, he digests psychological science for the general public. His writings have appeared in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Education to Scientific American. He also has authored six general audience books, including, in 2022, How Do We Know Ourselves? Curiosities and Marvels of the Human Mind. And he blogs about psychology and life at TalkPsych.com.

David Myers has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped found a thriving assistance center for low-income families, and spoken to hundreds of college, community, and professional groups worldwide. Drawing on his experience of hearing loss, which now includes a cochlear implant, he also has written articles and a book (A Quiet World) about hearing loss, and he is advocating a transformation in U.S. assistive listening technology (see HearingLoop.org). For his leadership, he has received awards from the American Academy of Audiology, the hearing industry, and the Hearing Loss Association of America.

David and Carol Myers met and married while undergraduates, and have raised sons Peter and Andrew, and a daughter, Laura. They have one grandchild, Allie.

C. Nathan DeWall

Nathan DeWall is professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky. He received his bachelor’s degree from St. Olaf College, a master’s degree in social science from the University of Chicago, and a master’s degree and Ph.D. in social psychology from Florida State University. DeWall received the College of Arts and Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award, which recognizes excellence in undergraduate and graduate teaching. The Association for Psychological Science identified DeWall as a “Rising Star” early in his career for “making significant contributions to the field of psychological science.” He has been included in the top 1 percent of all cited scientists in psychology and psychiatry on the Institute for Scientific Information list, according to the Web of Science. DeWall conducts research on close relationships, self-control, aggression, the psychology of religion, and intellectual humility. With funding from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the John Templeton Foundation, he has published 225 scientific articles and chapters. DeWall’s research awards include the SAGE Young Scholars Award from the Foundation for Personality and Social Psychology, the Young Investigator Award from the International Society for Research on Aggression, and the Early Career Award from the International Society for Self and Identity. His research has been covered by numerous media and entertainment outlets, including Good Morning America, The Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Harvard Business Review, USA Today, National Public Radio, The Guardian, the BBC, and Netflix. He has lectured nationally and internationally, including in Hong Kong, China, the Netherlands, England, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Australia, and France.

Nathan is happily married to Alice DeWall and is the proud father of Beverly “Bevy” and Ellis. He also enjoys taking care of the family dog, “Artie.” As an ultramarathon runner, he completed numerous races, including the Badwater 135 in 2017 (dubbed “the World’s toughest foot race”). In his spare time now, he enjoys hiking, attending live concerts, setting up and maintaining aquariums, watching sports, and playing guitar and singing in local rock bands.

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