The World Turned Upside Down
Second Edition ©2016
Through a collection of speeches, letters, and primary accounts, and with a revised introduction that draws on an outpouring of scholarship over the past twenty years, Colin Calloway provides insight into the underrepresented Native American voices of the colonial, Revolutionary, and early national
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Through a collection of speeches, letters, and primary accounts, and with a revised introduction that draws on an outpouring of scholarship over the past twenty years, Colin Calloway provides insight into the underrepresented Native American voices of the colonial, Revolutionary, and early national periods. With four new text documents and four new visual source documents, the volume continues to portray such themes as loss of land, war and peace, missionaries and Christianity, the education of Native American youth, European technology, European alcohol, and political changes within Indian societies in Early America. Revised Questions for Consideration and an updated Selected Bibliography, along with a new Chronology of Encounters between Indians and Colonists, serve to further support student learning.
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Maps and Illustrations
Preface
Maps and Illustrations
PART ONE
Introduction: “Times Are Altered with Us Indians”
A World of Changes
Indians in Colonial America
Sources of Indian History: Weighing the Evidence
Introduction: “Times Are Altered with Us Indians”
A World of Changes
Indians in Colonial America
Sources of Indian History: Weighing the Evidence
PART TWO
The Documents
1. Voices from the Shore
The Creation of the World
1. John Norton, Iroquois Creation Story, ca. 1816
The League of Peace in Wampum
2. The Hiawatha Belt
The Creeks Come to Their Homeland
3. Chekilli, Origin of the Creek Confederacy, 1735
A Dream of Strangers
4. Josiah Jeremy, The Floating Island, 1869
Meeting the Dutch at Manhattan
5. John Heckewelder, The Arrival of the Dutch, ca. 1765
“What Can You Get by Warre . . .?”
6. Powhatan, Speech to Captain John Smith, 1609
A Pequot Looks Back at King Philip’s War
7. William Apess, Eulogy on King Philip, 1836
The Documents
1. Voices from the Shore
The Creation of the World
1. John Norton, Iroquois Creation Story, ca. 1816
The League of Peace in Wampum
2. The Hiawatha Belt
The Creeks Come to Their Homeland
3. Chekilli, Origin of the Creek Confederacy, 1735
A Dream of Strangers
4. Josiah Jeremy, The Floating Island, 1869
Meeting the Dutch at Manhattan
5. John Heckewelder, The Arrival of the Dutch, ca. 1765
“What Can You Get by Warre . . .?”
6. Powhatan, Speech to Captain John Smith, 1609
A Pequot Looks Back at King Philip’s War
7. William Apess, Eulogy on King Philip, 1836
2. Cultural Conflicts, Contests, and Confluences
A Native American Theological Debate
8. John Eliot, A Dialogue between Piumbukhou and His Unconverted Relatives, ca. 1671
A Mi’kmaq Questions French “Civilization”
9. Chrestien LeClerq, A Mi’kmaq Responds to the French, ca. 1677
An Indian Woman Bequeaths Her Property
10. Naomai Omaush, Will, 1749
Autobiography of an Indian Minister
11. Samson Occom, A Short Narrative of My Life, 1768
Letters of a Narragansett Family
12. Sarah Simon, Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1767
13. Sarah Simon (the Daughter), Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1769
14. Daniel Simon, Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1771
The Iroquois Reject Wheelock’s “Benevolence”
15. Speech of the Oneida Headmen, 1772
16. Speech of the Onondaga Council, 1772
A Delaware “Mouthpiece”
17. Joseph Pepee, Response to the Unconverted Delawares, 1772
“The White Woman of the Genesee”
18. Mary Jemison, A Narrative of Her Life, 1824
3. Land, Trade, and Treaties
Submission to “Old England”
19. Narragansett Indians, Act of Submission, 1644
Two Land Deeds from Maine
20. Nanuddemance, Deed to John Parker, June 14, 1659
21. Jane of Scarborough, Deed to Andrew and Arthur Alger, September 19, 1659
Indian Land Claims Disputed
22. Mittark, Agreement of Gay Head Indians Not to Sell Land to the English, 1681
The “River Indians” Answer Governor Burnet
23. Mahican Indians, Reply to William Burnet, Governor of New York, 1722
The Alienation of the Natchez
24. Antoine Le Page du Pratz, Reply of the Stung Serpent, 1723
Signing and Disputing a Treaty
25. Eastern Indians, Treaty Pictographs, 1725
26. Sauguaarum, alias Loron, An Account of Negotiations Leading to the Casco Bay Treaty, 1727
The “Walking Purchase”: A Delaware Complaint and an Iroquois Response
27. Delaware Indians, Complaint against the “Walking Purchase,” November 21, 1740
28. Canasatego, Response to the Delawares’ Complaint, July 12, 1742
The Treaty of Lancaster
29. Canasatego, Speech at the Treaty of Lancaster, July 4, 1744
A Guardian System for Indian Lands
30. Indians at Mashpee, Petition to the Massachusetts General Court, June 11, 1752
Resolving Conflicts with Colonial Neighbors
31. King Hagler (Nopkehe), Reply to Colonists’ Complaints, 1754
Colonists Encroach on the Stanwix Line
32. John Killbuck, Speech to the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, December 4, 1771
A Native American Theological Debate
8. John Eliot, A Dialogue between Piumbukhou and His Unconverted Relatives, ca. 1671
A Mi’kmaq Questions French “Civilization”
9. Chrestien LeClerq, A Mi’kmaq Responds to the French, ca. 1677
An Indian Woman Bequeaths Her Property
10. Naomai Omaush, Will, 1749
Autobiography of an Indian Minister
11. Samson Occom, A Short Narrative of My Life, 1768
Letters of a Narragansett Family
12. Sarah Simon, Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1767
13. Sarah Simon (the Daughter), Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1769
14. Daniel Simon, Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1771
The Iroquois Reject Wheelock’s “Benevolence”
15. Speech of the Oneida Headmen, 1772
16. Speech of the Onondaga Council, 1772
A Delaware “Mouthpiece”
17. Joseph Pepee, Response to the Unconverted Delawares, 1772
“The White Woman of the Genesee”
18. Mary Jemison, A Narrative of Her Life, 1824
3. Land, Trade, and Treaties
Submission to “Old England”
19. Narragansett Indians, Act of Submission, 1644
Two Land Deeds from Maine
20. Nanuddemance, Deed to John Parker, June 14, 1659
21. Jane of Scarborough, Deed to Andrew and Arthur Alger, September 19, 1659
Indian Land Claims Disputed
22. Mittark, Agreement of Gay Head Indians Not to Sell Land to the English, 1681
The “River Indians” Answer Governor Burnet
23. Mahican Indians, Reply to William Burnet, Governor of New York, 1722
The Alienation of the Natchez
24. Antoine Le Page du Pratz, Reply of the Stung Serpent, 1723
Signing and Disputing a Treaty
25. Eastern Indians, Treaty Pictographs, 1725
26. Sauguaarum, alias Loron, An Account of Negotiations Leading to the Casco Bay Treaty, 1727
The “Walking Purchase”: A Delaware Complaint and an Iroquois Response
27. Delaware Indians, Complaint against the “Walking Purchase,” November 21, 1740
28. Canasatego, Response to the Delawares’ Complaint, July 12, 1742
The Treaty of Lancaster
29. Canasatego, Speech at the Treaty of Lancaster, July 4, 1744
A Guardian System for Indian Lands
30. Indians at Mashpee, Petition to the Massachusetts General Court, June 11, 1752
Resolving Conflicts with Colonial Neighbors
31. King Hagler (Nopkehe), Reply to Colonists’ Complaints, 1754
Colonists Encroach on the Stanwix Line
32. John Killbuck, Speech to the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, December 4, 1771
4. In a World of Warfare: Indians and the Wars for Empire
La Barre’s Failed Bluff
33. Garangula, Speech to New France Governor La Barre, 1684
A Native War Record
34. Drawings Made on a Tree by an Iroquois War Party
Iroquois Loyalty Turns to Disenchantment
35. Cheda, Promise to Uphold the Covenant Chain, 1692
Intertribal Conflict Fostered by Colonists
36. Gachadow, Speech to the Virginia Commissioners at the Treaty of Lancaster, 1744
The Half King Defies the French
37. Tanaghrisson, Speech to Sieur de Marin, 1753
Allies and Enemies in Indian Country
38. English and French Copies of Chickasaw Deerskin Maps, c. 1723 and 1737
The Chickasaws Appeal for Help
39. Chickasaw Headmen, Speech to the Governor of South Carolina, April 5, 1756
French and Indian Wars, or French and English Wars?
40. Delaware Indians, Response to the Moravian Ambassador, 1758
A New Era for Algonkians and Englishmen
41. Minavavana, Speech to Alexander Henry, 1761
Pontiac’s War 137
42. Pontiac, The Master of Life Speaks to the Wolf, 1763
The Pleas and Plight of the Choctaw Chiefs
43. Choctaw Chiefs, Speeches to John Stuart, Mobile, Alabama, 1772
La Barre’s Failed Bluff
33. Garangula, Speech to New France Governor La Barre, 1684
A Native War Record
34. Drawings Made on a Tree by an Iroquois War Party
Iroquois Loyalty Turns to Disenchantment
35. Cheda, Promise to Uphold the Covenant Chain, 1692
Intertribal Conflict Fostered by Colonists
36. Gachadow, Speech to the Virginia Commissioners at the Treaty of Lancaster, 1744
The Half King Defies the French
37. Tanaghrisson, Speech to Sieur de Marin, 1753
Allies and Enemies in Indian Country
38. English and French Copies of Chickasaw Deerskin Maps, c. 1723 and 1737
The Chickasaws Appeal for Help
39. Chickasaw Headmen, Speech to the Governor of South Carolina, April 5, 1756
French and Indian Wars, or French and English Wars?
40. Delaware Indians, Response to the Moravian Ambassador, 1758
A New Era for Algonkians and Englishmen
41. Minavavana, Speech to Alexander Henry, 1761
Pontiac’s War 137
42. Pontiac, The Master of Life Speaks to the Wolf, 1763
The Pleas and Plight of the Choctaw Chiefs
43. Choctaw Chiefs, Speeches to John Stuart, Mobile, Alabama, 1772
5. American Indians and the American Revolution, 1775–1783
The Oneidas Declare Neutrality
44. Oneida Indians, Speech to Governor Trumbull, 1775
Joseph Brant Addresses His Majesty’s Secretary of State
45. Joseph Brant, Address to Lord Germain, 1776
Cherokees Fight for Their Survival
46. Corn Tassel, Speech at Treaty Talks with Virginia and North Carolina, 1777
Struggling to be Neutral in the Ohio Valley
47. Cornstalk, Message to Congress, 1776
The Revolution through the Eyes of a Seneca Woman
48. Mary Jemison, A View of the Revolution, 1775–1779
The Revolution through Captain Pipe’s Eyes
49. Captain Pipe, Speech to British Colonel DePeyster, November 1781
Adjusting to New Realities: The Chickasaws’ Revolution
50. Chickasaw Chiefs, Message to Congress, July 1783
Brant Demands the Truth
51. Joseph Brant, Message to Governor Frederick Haldimand, 1783
6. Indian Voices from the New Nation
Alexander McGillivray Rejects American Pretensions
52. Alexander McGillivray, Letter to Governor Arturo O’Neill, July 10, 1785
The United Indian Nations Announce a New Policy
53. United Indian Nations, Speech at the Confederate Council, November 28 and December 18, 1786
The World Turned Upside Down
54. Henry Quaquaquid and Robert Ashpo, Petition to the Connecticut State Assembly, May 1789
Joseph Brant Weighs Indian and White Civilizations
55. Joseph Brant, Indian vs. White Civilization, 1789
First Americans Address the First President
56. Speech of Cornplanter, Half Town, and Big Tree to George Washington, 1790
Epilogue: Surviving as Vanishing Americans
APPENDIXES
Chronology of Encounters between Indians and Colonists (1492-1800)
Questions for Consideration
Selected Bibliography
Index
The Oneidas Declare Neutrality
44. Oneida Indians, Speech to Governor Trumbull, 1775
Joseph Brant Addresses His Majesty’s Secretary of State
45. Joseph Brant, Address to Lord Germain, 1776
Cherokees Fight for Their Survival
46. Corn Tassel, Speech at Treaty Talks with Virginia and North Carolina, 1777
Struggling to be Neutral in the Ohio Valley
47. Cornstalk, Message to Congress, 1776
The Revolution through the Eyes of a Seneca Woman
48. Mary Jemison, A View of the Revolution, 1775–1779
The Revolution through Captain Pipe’s Eyes
49. Captain Pipe, Speech to British Colonel DePeyster, November 1781
Adjusting to New Realities: The Chickasaws’ Revolution
50. Chickasaw Chiefs, Message to Congress, July 1783
Brant Demands the Truth
51. Joseph Brant, Message to Governor Frederick Haldimand, 1783
6. Indian Voices from the New Nation
Alexander McGillivray Rejects American Pretensions
52. Alexander McGillivray, Letter to Governor Arturo O’Neill, July 10, 1785
The United Indian Nations Announce a New Policy
53. United Indian Nations, Speech at the Confederate Council, November 28 and December 18, 1786
The World Turned Upside Down
54. Henry Quaquaquid and Robert Ashpo, Petition to the Connecticut State Assembly, May 1789
Joseph Brant Weighs Indian and White Civilizations
55. Joseph Brant, Indian vs. White Civilization, 1789
First Americans Address the First President
56. Speech of Cornplanter, Half Town, and Big Tree to George Washington, 1790
Epilogue: Surviving as Vanishing Americans
APPENDIXES
Chronology of Encounters between Indians and Colonists (1492-1800)
Questions for Consideration
Selected Bibliography
Index
Authors
Colin G. Calloway
Colin G. Calloway is the John Kimball Jr. 1943 Professor of History and Professor of Native American and Indigenous Studies at Dartmouth College. He served for two years as associate director and editor at the D’Arcy McNickle Center for the History of the American Indian at the Newberry Library in Chicago and taught for seven years at the University of Wyoming. Professor Calloway has written many books on Native American history, including The Indian World of George Washington: The First President, the First Americans, and the Birth of the Nation (2018); The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (2006); One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West before Lewis and Clark (2003); and two books for the Bedford Series in History and Culture: Our Hearts Fell to the Ground: Plains Indians Views of How the West Was Lost (2018), and The World Turned Upside Down: Indian Voices from Early America (2016). The Indian World of George Washington was a finalist for the National Book Award in 2018 and won the George Washington Book Prize in 2019.
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